Complex systems help explain how democracies are destabilized

The authors say: “Economic inequality and the health of democracy are closely linked. We know greater inequality associates with poorer health and social problems. But it is also linked to political polarization.

“This is because democracy presupposes a basic equality of influence. But when economic inequality increases, so do differences in influence over institutions. Those who have large financial resources can better influence institutional change than those who do not.

“A shock increase in economic inequality – such as resulted from the policy responses to the 2008 financial crisis – leads to corrosion of the relationship between less well-off voters’ choices and institutional outcomes. It may even lead to effective or actual non-democratic rule.

The team also shows that extreme diversity of opinion can sometimes be a cause of instability. While a degree of diversity and partisan disagreement is healthy and even necessary in a democracy, too much may lead to an inability to understand and solve joint problems.

Radicalization and polarization compound this. Radicalization occurs when political elites try to reshape politics to secure a permanent advantage by bending rules, ignoring norms, and pursuing strategies that seemed off limits.

Polarization involves a breakdown of common faith.  It leads members of one partisan coalition to ignore potential threats to democracy, based on the belief that having their opponents in power would be worse.

Professor Henry Farrell, one of the co-authors from the United States, said: “In the United States, where the media is less-heavily regulated than in other comparable democracies, we have seen this happen. Talk radio and Fox News have long catered to a conservative constituency hungry for information and perspectives that confirm its beliefs.

“This creates a feedback loop fed by commercial imperatives between the media and its listeners. In a similar way, partisan competition and the need to support or thwart policy goals may lead to feedback loops between media and political actors.”

Finally, the authors explored how social institutions can be destabilized by the erosion of social norms.

“Much of democracy relies on norms, conventions and expectations of people’s behavior,” said Professor Stephan Lewandowsky, the psychologist on the team, from Bristol’s School of Psychological Science. “This means numerous psychological processes can contribute to the stability or instability of democracy.

“Social media can have a profound impact on these processes.  There is a lot of evidence that the strength with which people hold an opinion is proportionate to the extent to which they believe it to be shared by others. 

“But what if this signal is distorted?  Extreme views can move into the mainstream when they are legitimized by actual or presumed majority endorsement.   It serves to entrench extreme opinions and make them resilient to change.

“The fact that any opinion, no matter how absurd, will be shared by at least some of the more than one billion Facebook users worldwide creates an opportunity for the emergence of a false consensus effect around any fringe opinion, because the social signal is distorted by global interconnectivity.”

The researchers also note the algorithms used by social media platforms to determine what appears in users’ feeds.  They point to the recent Brexit referendum in the U.K. and the 2016 U.S. presidential election, where highly personalized data was available to political operatives, and was used to open the door to micro-targeting of messages that exploited people’s unique vulnerabilities.

Dr Wiesner concluded: “One of our important messages in this paper is that a stabilizing feature of a democratic system - opinion exchange - breaks down when this possibility for engagement and debate is destroyed because messages are disseminated in secret, targeting individuals based on their personal vulnerabilities to persuasion, without their knowledge and without the opponent being able to rebut any of those arguments.

“These impacts of social media on public discourse show how democracies can be vulnerable in ways against which institutional structures and historical traditions offer little protection. Complex systems science offers a unique entry point to study such phenomena.”

— Read more in K. Wiesner et al., “Stability of democracies: a complex systems perspective,” European Journal of Physics 40, no. 1 (2018)