India-Pakistan nuclear war would cause global mass starvation

A nuclear war between India and Pakistan could cause one billion people to starve to death around the world, and hundreds of millions more to die from disease and conflicts over food. This is the unsettling scenario being presented in London this week by a U.S. medical expert, Ira Helfand. A conference at the Royal Society of Medicine will also hear new evidence of the severe damage that such a war could inflict on the ozone layer. Helfand is an emergency room doctor in Northampton, Massachusetts, and a cofounder of the U.S. anti-nuclear group, Physicians for Social Responsibility. The New Scientist’s Ron Edwards writes that in his study, Helfand maps out the global consequences of India and Pakistan exploding 100 Hiroshima-sized nuclear warheads. Earlier studies have suggested that such a conflict would throw five million tons of black soot into the atmosphere, triggering a mini-version of what, during the cold war, was called “nuclear winter”: Reduction of 1.25°C in the average temperature at the earth’s surface for several years. As a result, the annual growing season in the world’s most important grain-producing areas would shrink by between ten and twenty days.

Helfand points out that the world is ill-prepared to cope with such a disaster. “Global grain stocks stand at 49 days, lower than at any point in the past five decades,” he says. “These stocks would not provide any significant reserve in the event of a sharp decline in production. We would see hoarding on a global scale.” Countries which import more than half of their grain, such as Malaysia, South Korea, and Taiwan, would be particularly vulnerable, Helfand argues. So, too, would 150 million people in north Africa, which imports 45 percent of its food. Many of the 800 million around the world who are already officially malnourished would also suffer.Large-scale impacts on food supplies from global cooling are credible because they have happened before, Helfand says. The eruption of the Indonesian volcano Tambora in 1815 produced the “year without a summer” in 1816, causing one of the worst famines of the 19th century.

The global death toll from a nuclear war in Asia “could exceed one billion from starvation alone,” Helfand concludes. Food shortages could also trigger epidemics of cholera, typhus, and other diseases, as well as armed conflicts, which together could kill “hundreds of millions.” Another study being unveiled at today’s conference suggests that the smoke unleashed by 100, small, 15 kiloton nuclear warheads could destroy 30-40 percent of the world’s ozone layer. This would kill off some food crops, according to the study’s author, Brian Toon, an atmospheric scientist from the University of Colorado in Boulder, Colorado. The smoke would warm the stratosphere by up to 50°C, accelerating the natural reactions that attack ozone, he says. “No-one has ever thought about this before,” he adds, “I think there is a potential for mass starvation.”

Such dire predictions are not dismissed by defense experts, though they stress the large uncertainties involved. The fallout from a nuclear war between India and Pakistan “would be far more devastating for other countries than generally appreciated,” says John Pike, director of the think tank, globalsecurity.org. “Local events can have global consequences.” Dan Plesch from the University of London’s School of Oriental and African Studies, agrees that everyone is at risk from a limited nuclear war. “We live in a state of denial that our fate can be determined by decisions in Islamabad and New Delhi as much as in Washington and Moscow,” he says.