Into the Crowd: The Evolution of Vehicular Attacks and Prevention Efforts

23, 2016.

[11] “At least four dead in Jerusalem bulldozer attack,” France 24, July 2, 2008.

[12] “Münster victim dies weeks after car rampage,” Deutsche Welle, April 26, 2018.

[13] “Judge sentences man to life in prison for Waukesha Christmas parade attack,” NPR, November 16, 2022.

[14] Alexandre Rodde, Le Jihad en France 2012-2022 (Paris: Editions du Cerf, 2022), pp. 215-216.

[15] Based on the author’s (Rodde) database, unpublished.

[16] “FBI Statement on the Attack in New Orleans,” FBI National Press Office, January 1, 2025.

[17] “Global Terrorism Database 1970 – 2020 [data file],” START, National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, 2022.

[18] “Car Crashes Klan Rally in Plains, 30 injured,” Eugene Registe Guard, July 3, 1977.

[19] “Driver Booked in Fatality Close to Olympic Village,” Blade Toledo, July 29, 1984.

[20] “Man who drove road train into pub denied parole,” ABC News (Australia), September 5, 2013; “Estudante Joga Caro Na Mltidao e Fere 15,” Jornal do Brasil, April 20, 1993.

[21] Deborah Sontag, “Palestinian’s Hit-and-Run Bus Kills 8 Israelis and Injures 20,” New York Times, February 14, 2001.

[22] Eve Sampson, “Vehicle Ramming Attacks: Using Cars and Trucks as Weapons Has Become Common,” New York Times, January 1, 2025.

[23] Brian Michael Jenkins and Bruce R. Butterworth, “‘Smashing Into Crowds’ — An Analysis of Vehicle Ramming Attacks,” San José State University, Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2019.

[24] Ibid.

[25] Duncan Gardham, “ISIL issued warning to ‘filthy French,’” Politico, November 15, 2015.

[26] “Canadian soldier killed by convert to Islam in hit and run,” Guardian, October 21, 2014.

[27] Rodde, pp. 215-216.

[28] Ryan Scott Houser, “Democratization of terrorism: an analysis of vehicle-based terrorist events,” Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open, September 8, 2022; Vincent Miller and Keith J. Hayward, “’I Did My Bit’: Terrorism, Tarde and the Vehicle Ramming Attack as An Imitative Event,” British Journal of Criminology 59:1 (2019): p. 4.

[29] “Westminster attack: What happened,” BBC, April 7, 2017.

[30] “Stockholm truck attack: Who is Rakhmat Akilov?” BBC, June 7, 2019.

[31] “Barcelona attack: 13 killed as van rams crowds in Las Ramblas,” BBC, August 17, 2017.

[32] “Sayfullo Saipov Indicted on Terrorism and Murder In Aid Of Racketeering Charges In Connection With Lower Manhattan Truck Attack,” U.S. Attorney’s Office, Southern District of New York, November 21, 2017.

[33] Jenkins and Butterworth.

[34] Ibid.

[35] Karen Percy, “Bourke St murderer James Gargasoulas given life jail sentence but could get parole in 46 years,” ABC News, February 21, 2019.

[36] “German police see mental illness behind Muenster van attack,” France 24, April 8, 2018.

[37] “Trier: Five die as car