Nuclear safetyAnalyzing Forensic Signatures of Nuclear Materials to Prevent Smuggling

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) scientists received mock evidence, consisting of two uranium oxide (UO₂) fuel pellets, as part of an international nuclear forensic exercise in support of a simulated nuclear smuggling investigation.

The exercise was part of the CMX-5 Collaborative Materials Exercise organized by the Nuclear Forensics International Technical Working Group (ITWG). The exercise involved forensic laboratories from 19 countries and one multinational organization. The results appear in the Journal of Radiological Materials.

The exercise scenario involved seized nuclear materials for which law enforcement requested nuclear forensic analysis to help discern whether the process histories of the two seized materials were consistent with one another and related to similar materials seized previously by authorities.

Within 24 hours, LLNL researchers identified unexpected uranium isotopic heterogeneity in particles from the fuel pellets. In the following weeks, the LLNL researchers used a combination of analytical tools to precisely characterize the distribution and spatial scale of this isotopic heterogeneity, as well as estimate the isotopic compositions of the starting uranium oxide powders used to prepare the pellets, providing law enforcement with clues about the process history of the materials. NanoSIMS imaging analysis allowed direct characterization of the spatial heterogeneity of the uranium isotopic composition of the fuel pellet and the relationship of that heterogeneity to crystal structure.

Uranium dioxide pellets are the most commonly used fuel type in nuclear reactors worldwide, with fuel fabrication facilities producing hundreds of uranium pellets per minute. Illicit trafficking of uranium dioxide fuel pellets is a reoccurring event. The majority of confirmed cases of trafficking of nuclear materials that were reported to the International Atomic Energy Agency Incident and Trafficking Database involved low-grade nuclear materials (i.e., natural uranium, depleted uranium and low enriched uranium), often in the form of reactor fuel pellets. These cases are indicative of gaps in the control and security of certain nuclear material and nuclear facilities. Fuel manufacturers can use different processes to fabricate fuel pellets, which can be used to trace the material back to the originating fuel fabrication facility.

“Our analyses provide a new level of detail on the manufacturing process, demonstrating how process information relevant to law enforcement can be extracted,” said LLNL chemist Peter Weber, a co-lead author of the paper. “This paper is a playbook of options for pursuing this new forensic signature in fuel pellets.”

In past experiments as well as the most recent exercise, LLNL scientists have used the Lab’s NanoSIMS 50, a high-spatial resolution secondary ion mass spectrometer, to image fuel pellet uranium isotopic composition in situ. The spatial resolution shown in the isotopic maps produced by the NanoSIMS complements the high-precision isotopic results from traditional bulk sample analysis techniques like multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS).

“The ability to extract diagnostic signatures from fuel pellets is important in nuclear forensics because pellets are the most commonly smuggled material,” said Mike Kristo, co-author and LLNL lead for nuclear forensics.

LLNL notes that the ITWG is a community of practitioners (scientists, law enforcement, regulators and policymakers) that seeks to identify, promote and disseminate best practices in the field of nuclear forensic science. This community of approximately 50 countries and multinational organizations is committed to combating trafficking of nuclear and other radioactive materials.