U.S.-China Tech Rivalry: The Geopolitics of Semiconductors

Industry Association, 2 February 2017.

[4]  Erin Watson, “Chips, Clouds, and Checkpoints: The New AI Export Battlefield Under Trump 2.0”, Observer Research Foundation, 17 March 2025.

[5] “Two Years after the CHIPS and Science Act, Biden-⁠Harris Administration Celebrates Historic Achievements in Bringing Semiconductor Supply Chains Home, Creating Jobs, Supporting Innovation, and Protecting National Security”, Biden White House Archives, 9 August 2024.

[6] Erin Hale, “How Will Trump’s Semiconductor Tariffs Affect the Global Chip Industry?”, Al Jazeera, 20 August 2025.

[7] Dylan Butts, “Chipmakers Get Larger Tax Credits in Trump’s Latest ‘Big Beautiful Bill’”, CNBC, 2 July 2025.

[8] “Trump Administration Initiates Section 232 Investigations on Polysilicon and Unmanned Aircraft Systems”, White & Case, 16 July 2025.

[9] “Micron and Trump Administration Announce Expanded U.S. Investments in Leading-Edge DRAM Manufacturing and R&D”, Micron, 12 June 2025.

[10] “CHIPS Act 2.0: Strengthening the Chip 4 Alliance or Driving it Apart?”, Indo-Pacific Studies Center.

[11] Matt Sheehan, “Biden’s Unprecedented Semiconductor Bet”, no. 2.

[12] Gregory C. Allen, “Choking off China’s Access to the Future of AI”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 11 October 2022.

[13]  Ann Cao, “US Citizens at Chinese Chip Firms Caught in the Middle of Tech War After New Export Restrictions”, South China Morning Post, 11 October 2022.

[14] Michelle Toh and Kayla Tausche, “US Escalates Tech Battle by Cutting China Off from AI Chips”, CNN, 18 October 2023.

[15] Anne D’innocenzio, “Biden Administration Seeks to Ban Chinese, Russian Tech in US Autonomous Vehicles”, AP News, 23 September 2024.

[16] “Commerce Further Restricts China’s Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Computing Capabilities”, Bureau of Industry and Security, 26 March 2025.

[17]  “US Plans AI Chip Curbs on Malaysia, Thailand Over China Concerns”, The Economic Times, 4 July 2025.

[18] “China Restricts Exports of Rare Earths and Other Minerals. How Does the System Work?”, Reuters, 25 April 2025.

[19] “China Sets Up Third Fund with $47.5 bln to Boost Semiconductor Sector”, Reuters, 27 May 2024.

[20]  Julian West, “China’s Semiconductor Surge: Riding the Wave of Self-Reliance”, AInvest, 31 May 2025.

[21] “SUSTech Hosts Asia-Europe 3rd-Generation Semiconductor Exchange Conference”, News SUStech, 27 October 2018.

[22] “RISC-V Summit China 2025: Innovation, Collaboration, and a Glimpse into the Future”, DeepComputing, 23 July 2025.

[23] “The CPC Central Committee and the State Council Issued the ‘National Standardization Development Outline’”, The Chinese Central Government’s Official Web Portal, 10 October 2021.

[24] Enescan Lorci, “Shaping the Digital Order: China’s Role in Technology Standards and the Implications for Taiwan”, Global Taiwan Institute, 5 January 2025.

[25] Kevin Honglin Zhang, “Geoeconomics of US-China Tech Rivalry and Industrial Policy”, ScienceDirect.com, July 2024.

[26] Anika Chhillar, “Evaluating India’s PLI Scheme for Semiconductors”, Observer Research Foundation, 6 December 2024.

[27]  “Cabinet Approves Semiconductor Unit in Uttar Pradesh”, Press Information Bureau, Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India, 14 May 2025.

[28] Sonu Vivek, “US, India Join Hands to Expand Semiconductor Industry. All You Need to Know”, India Today, 10 September 2024.

[29] Melissa Cyrill and Yashoda Kapur, “India’s Semiconductor Sector: Tracking Government Support and Investment Trends”, India Briefing, 17 July 2025.

[30] “At Global Investors Summit 2025, Shri Ashwini Vaishnaw Announces India’s First Indigenous Semiconductor Chip to be Ready for Production by 2025”, Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Electronics & IT, Government of India, 25 February 2025.

This article was originally posted to the website of Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses (MP-IDSA).

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