On the water frontInnovative self-contained water recycling system for megacities
German researchers develop a self-contained water treatment system which purifies waste water and collects rain to help cities with inadequate water supplies
What we see around the world is a growing number of overcrowded mega-cities without adequate water supplies or sewage disposal facilities, suffering from frequent flooding and extreme droughts. Now, these are just the problems that a new urban infrastructural concept can help solve. It has a flexible, water-saving vacuum sewerage network. Take Germany. Germans consume an average of 130 liters of clean water each day, but they drink only three. A third of the total amount is flushed down the toilet. “Water is one of our most valuable resources, and far too precious to waste on transporting fecal matter,” says Professor Walter Trösch of the Stuttgart, Germany-based Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, or IGB, for Fraunhofer-Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik). Together with Dr. Werner Sternad of IGB and Dr. Harald Hiessl of the Karlsruhe, Germany-based Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (OK: ISI for Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung), he designed and created DEUS 21, a decentralized urban infrastructure system. The team won the Joseph von Fraunhofer Prize 2007 for this achievement. The jury was impressed by the process engineering used to treat water and the comprehensive approach to effective materials recycling.
“DEUS is an integrated model that looks at water as a commodity all the way from the faucet to the treatment plant,” says Trösch. A new aspect of the scientists’ approach is that they collect rainwater instead of channeling it away unused through the sewers. It is collected separately from wastewater and treated in a modern membrane plant. As the membrane’s pores are even smaller than bacteria and viruses, pathogens are filtered out. The resulting germ-free water meets German drinking water standards (TVO, for Trinkwasserverordnung). This very soft water flows back into households through a separate supply network and can be used for showering or for washing dishes or clothes. Residents use less drinking water and save money. Wastewater from the households is then collected in a vacuum sewerage system. It offers the advantage of being able to ingest shredded kitchen scraps, obviating the need for separate biological waste collection. The wastewater is transported to a hermetically sealed high-performance reactor containing rotation filters, which consist of porous ceramic microfiltration membranes. These filters remove everything which is bigger than 0.2 micrometers from the wastewater, including the bacteria which decompose organic waste. Any biogas recovered can be used to generate power and heat. Nitrogen and phosphate are also reclaimed from the wastewater and processed to produce high-quality fertilizer. What remains is the purified wastewater which meets the quality requirements of the European directive on bathing water quality. It can be drained away or discharged into a body of water.
IGB and ISI are now running a pilot applications in Knittlingen and Neurott. The appeal of the new concept is obvious, and projects are already being planned in Namibia, China, and Romania.