I Studied ShotSpotter in Chicago and Kansas City – Here’s What People in Detroit and the More Than 167 Other Cities and Towns Using This Technology Should Know

In Detroit, the police department defended its use of the acoustic sensors, proclaiming “ShotSpotter continues to be a valuable tool in helping the Detroit Police Department respond to and investigate shots fired incidents in the city, by quickly sending officers to the locations” in a July 2023 statement to Bridge Detroit.

Activists say the funds would be better spent on nonpolice methods to improve public safety.

A prominent example of nonpolice methods activists advocate for is the similarly named ShotStoppers program, funded with $10 million from the American Rescue Plan Act, which involves violence interrupters, or trained community members who attempt to talk potential shooters out of committing violence.

Critics argue that community-based programs like these are less likely to cause harm than ShotSpotter, which they argue is discriminatory given its deployment in predominately low-income communities of color.

Our research was designed to test both the efficiency and effectiveness of this technology. Here are our five key takeaways:

1. Faster responses to gunfire
In Kansas City, we found that ShotSpotter alerts went off 93 seconds before the first 911 call reporting the same incident on average.

This 93-second time savings shaved off nearly 12% of the overall police response, EMS response and hospital transport travel times. This means that ShotSpotter can offer an important head start and get victims to the hospital faster.

Our analysis further found that ShotSpotter may provide more precise incident locations. In more than 26% of cases, ShotSpotter alerts and 911 calls were reported as occurring greater than one block apart. Using GPS trackers, we found that officers in both Chicago and Kansas City stopped their patrol vehicles closer to the location of reported gunfire when responding to ShotSpotter alerts than 911 calls.

2. No increase in enforcement compared with 911 calls
Critics argue that ShotSpotter targets low-income communities of color, while supporters claim that coverage areas reflect gun violence levels.

The data from Chicago lent credence to both perspectives.

In that city, the ShotSpotter target area had about twice the nonwhite population and a poverty rate about 50% higher than the remainder of the city. Gun crime rates were as much as 1.5 times higher in the ShotSpotter target area.

An important question is whether ShotSpotter more often led to police enforcement, specifically against people of color. We found both ShotSpotter and citizen calls to 911 prompt arrests and stops of citizens at similar levels.

Interestingly, the relative effect of ShotSpotter and 911 calls was consistent across different racial groups in most instances, indicating that ShotSpotter does not generate additional racial disparities in enforcement beyond those already present in standard police responses to gunfire.

3. Not all calls can be confirmed
A prime selling point for ShotSpotter is the system’s ability to correctly identify gunshots, giving police a better opportunity to respond to the scene, collect evidence and apprehend shooters. But how accurate is it?

In Kansas City, we found that shots-fired incidents occurring in the ShotSpotter target area were 15% more likely than 911 calls to be classified as “unfounded,” meaning evidence of gunfire couldn’t be confirmed.

We did not have the necessary data to determine why this is the case. Police can fail to find evidence of shots fired for several reasons unrelated to ShotSpotter – for example, revolvers do not leave any shells behind, and gun assault victims who are unhurt may choose not to cooperate with police.

However, false positive ShotSpotter alerts are one viable explanation.

4. No increase in clearance rates
In Kansas City, the collection of ballistic evidence and recovery of firearms was substantially higher in the ShotSpotter target area than the controls. While we did not have ballistic evidence data in Chicago, we found that ShotSpotter similarly led to a significant increase in firearm recoveries.

However, our results indicate that these evidence collection improvements did not lead to more effective investigations. In both Chicago and Kansas City, ShotSpotter did not increase the clearance rates – or proportion of cases solved by police – for either fatal shootings or nonfatal shootings.

5. No reduction in gunshot victimization
In both Chicago and Kansas City, ShotSpotter did not reduce the occurrence of fatal shootings, nonfatal shootings or other violent felonies committed with firearms.

After Kansas City implemented Shotspotter, 911 calls for sounds of shots fired decreased; however, the number of gun violence victims did not.

In Chicago, there was no change in the number of 911 calls.

Eric L. Piza  is Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University. This article is published courtesy of The Conversation.