James Foley murder: inside the mind of Britain’s jihadists

In all the research the data suggests that the majority of recruits are young, unmarried men. As I have written before, to suggest that they were brainwashed into fighting abroad misses the point — they chose to be there. Understanding how they were recruited is the important point to focus on.

Threatened and threatening
My own research looks at how non-negotiable beliefs play a role in motivating and justifying violent behavior. One aspect of this is the creation of a wider communal identity and the sense of a threat to it. Research by Malet and Thomas Hegghammer has shown how recruiters use emotive imagery and arguments (including on social media) to demonstrate how the wider transnational community is under imminent threat.

Broadening specific conflicts into a more inclusive abstract threat is one way of doing this — so Serbs versus Bosnians becomes Christians versus Muslims, and Assad versus protesters becomes Western puppet regimes or false Muslims versus true (in this case Sunni) Muslims. Of course, this isn’t a process unique to Islam — in the past Communism was another example of a notable “threatened” transnational ideology which successfully recruited foreign fighters to several conflicts. Indeed, trans-nationalizing conflicts has been shown to be a useful tool in many conflicts where one side lacks other means to increase their resources (as is common in small insurgencies against national armies).

This process of highlighting the threat to the community and generating a sense of fear is especially effective in people who have a stronger identity to that community than they do to their state identity. So Malet argues that people who might be marginalized within their home countries might be more likely to leave those countries as the ties of state identity are weaker than the sense of duty to their transnational community. The sense of fear and the sense that they are fighting for a losing cause may be one reason why they are more likely to engage in high-risk action than the local insurgents, that and the fact that they have less family and other assets in the area that need protecting.

Quite aside from the terrible carnage that these fighters are causing abroad, as brought home to us in the disturbing video of James Foley’s awful murder, is the threat of what these foreign fighters might do when they return home.

The veteran effect

Hegghammer’s research shows that only one in nine foreign fighters will be involved in violent plots when they return to their home countries. However, Hegghammer’s data suggests that plots involving veterans of overseas conflicts are more likely to come to fruition by a factor of 1.5 and there are double the chances of fatalities if a veteran is involved.

As in most research on terrorism, the data comes from small groups of people (thankfully there aren’t many foreign fighters or terrorists) so findings must be given the appropriate caveats. But as the murder of James Foley appears to have shown, foreign fighters are involved at the heart of the violence abroad — and understanding how they got there and what they might do on their return is an important task to which all carefully researched findings can contribute.

Matthew Francis is Senior Research Associate, Department of Politics, Philosophy and Religion at Lancaster University. This story is published courtesy of The Conversation (under Creative Commons-Attribution/No derivatives).