Climate change to alter water flows in Africa's rivers, leads to cross-border water conflicts

Climate change could also introduce uncertainties into the water politics of the Nile Basin, with the CPWF analysis showing that higher temperatures — a rise by 2050 of two to five degrees Celsius — have the potential to increase water evaporation to the point that it would “reduce the water balance of the upper Blue Nile Basin.”

Today, Egypt and Ethiopia appear to be making meaningful progress after years of tensions over Ethiopia’s plans to build dams upstream that would disrupt Egypt’s water supplies. Recently, the Egyptian government has also indicated a willingness to consider a comprehensive treaty for governing water resources on the Nile River Basin that would involve a pact among several other countries in the region.

“The new insights regarding the effect of climate change on river basins may indicate a need to revisit assumptions about water availability,” said Vidal. “But if we invest in research needed to support far-sighted water policy, then decision makers can obtain the information they need to address the new wrinkles introduced by climate change that could otherwise impede agreements and investments.”

In addition to the implications for the Nile and Limpopo, Cook said data also indicate climate change could affect water availability in Africa’s Volta River Basin. And as with the other basins, these shifts would need to be factored into an agriculture revitalization strategy for the region.

Overall, the analysis of the effect of climate change on water availability found higher temperatures are likely in all of the ten river basins studied globally, which include large areas in Asia and South America. But while the higher temperatures could increase evaporation, most water losses are likely to be offset by increases in annual rainfall, as the energized climate system turbo-charges the amount of water in the atmosphere.

But according to CPWF, the impacts of climate change on water availability will vary in magnitude and direction within and between basins and could flip-flop weather patterns from wet to dry that were once more or less stable. Even where more rain falls on an annual basis, minor shifts in its timing may present challenges in basins that have been “organized” over centuries to manage somewhat consistent patterns of seasonality.

“Such changes will create a management nightmare and require a much greater focus on adaptive approaches and long-term climate projections than historically have been necessary,” said Vidal.

In Africa, rainwater management is widely viewed as the key to improving both crop and livestock farming. Innovative ways to make productive use of rainwater are also being touted as a new “climate smart” approach to agriculture. For example, small reservoirs can be used to store water in dry periods or to help control flooding. Flood mitigation and management strategies will be crucial in areas with increasingly erratic climate and flash floods, such as the Limpopo and the Volta.

“These decentralized approaches to farming with rainwater are inexpensive, highly adaptable and provide immediate options for farmers to be their own water managers,” said Dr. Lindiwe Sibanda, CEO of the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN). “The climate in Africa’s river basins is already highly variable. Enhancing farmer’s adaptive capacity to respond to current challenges is smart even without climate change, but it is an absolute imperative now that we see what the future hold.”

Today, agriculture uses up to 70 percent of the world’s freshwater resources. The CPWF research highlights the increasingly important role of effective water management to allocate and utilize available water resources to ensure food production stays abreast of population growth, even in times of climate uncertainty. Many experts are arguing that the strong link between climate change and food security should give agriculture greater standing in global climate talks.

“But water for food and agriculture and the impact of climate change on global food security is barely a blip on the radar for the negotiators meeting in Durban later this month,” added Sibanda. “Yet the first step towards climate security is ensuring farmers and the world’s poor will be able to feed themselves under rapid environmental change that puts the local and global food system at risk.”