Drone jamming system to protect European airports, public spaces
Gray: How are drones being used in these cases?
Hermansen: There are some who are using them for criminal acts. For example, drones are being used to smuggle drugs, telephones or other stuff into prisons. That is a very specific use case where the pilot is deliberately breaking the rules.
There is another category where we categorise it as terrorism or harassment, which is what we have been looking at over the past few years. The military, for example, is concerned about direct attacks. There are soldiers who are being attacked by commercial drones that have been retrofitted with grenades or other explosives.
At the height of the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, there were a lot of roadside bombs that used improvised explosive devices or IED. Now that IED is actually flying. It’s not dug into the dirt at the side of the road but is strapped onto a simple drone and flown into a vehicle or crowd of people.
With an airport, however, you don’t even need to strap a bomb onto the drone. You just need to fly it into the area. The pilot can be hidden away inside a tall building so no-one can see them.
Gray: What can the impact be on airports?
Hermansen: There have been multiple airports now that have been closed down due to drone sightings. There were reports in Dubai, Copenhagen and Heathrow in London in the past. On these occasions the airports were closed for half an hour to an hour to ensure the drone had gone, but during the recent incident at Gatwick, it was more than a day where no planes could take off. There were around 900 flights cancelled and 120,000 passengers affected. Imagine how costly that is.
Gray: Why are airports not better protected?
Hermansen: Very few airports have any countermeasures or even processes in place to detect and defeat drones. They have been left miserably behind as the technology has enabled people to get hold of these things.
Gray: Do there need to be more regulations?
Hermansen: I’m not sure it will really help to regulate any more. Most countries now have regulations in place and to fly a drone in an urban area, for example, you need a licence. The problem is that there are people who do not adhere to the regulations.
Gray: Is this where anti-drone technology can help?
Hermansen: Yes. We have been developing a drone alarm and protection system called KNOX. It uses radio frequency sensors to monitor the wireless spectrum looking for the control signals or video transmissions used by drones. (Algorithms) can give an indication of what direction the signal is coming from and how strong it is, giving an indication about how far away it is. We also get information about what type of signal it is, so we know what sort of threat we might be facing – how big the drone is and what sort of payload it can carry.
What’s smart about the radio frequency sensors is that they don’t have to be in line of sight of the drone. As soon as the drone controller is turned on, the sensors will pick it up. So, we can get a pre-warning about a drone before it is even airborne.
Gray: What sort of range does it work over?
Hermansen: It has a range of a few kilometres, so it is only picking up things in the immediate vicinity, which is what you want if you are trying to protect a building or a facility. We also use a scanning radar that is specifically tuned to look for drones. It can see anything that is the right size and moves like a drone in its line of sight. We have developed a tracking algorithm that can distinguish drones from other similar sized things like a bird. It looks for unique features of a drone, like propellers.
Gray: Once you identify a drone, what then happens?
Hermansen: We localise the radio frequency signals to and from the drone in time and direction, and produce a jamming signal. This is noise that causes the drone to lose connection with the pilot. When this happens, most commercial drones will fly back to the pilot’s location automatically.
We can also jam the drone’s positioning system (GPS) and when this happens the drone will perform a controlled landing using its on board sensors and gyros. Some of the cheaper drones might not have these, in which case they will crash land.
Gray: Can you also catch the pilot?
Hermansen: If you have multiple sensors placed some distance apart you can triangulate where the signal is coming from and locate the pilot, which is something the authorities might want to do.
Gray: Is your system already being used?
Gray: How do you see anti-drone technology being used in the future?
Hermansen: I think it’s inevitable that drones will become part of our daily lives and will be used a lot more. There are companies looking to use them for deliveries or other commercial activities. Anti-drone technologies will make (this transition) safer.
>We are working on other projects with partners in the US to online traffic management system for drones. It is really paving the way for what many see as the second wave of drone technology that will carry people in autonomous flying taxis.
Drone regulation in the EU
In 2016, the European Commission proposed the establishment of an automated traffic management system for drones operating at low-level, referred to as “U-space.”
Up until 2018, EU Member States were solely responsible for smaller drones (weighing less than 150 kilograms). However, legislation was adopted on 26 June 2018 to introduce EU-wide regulations for drones.
The European Aviation Safety Authority has proposed a number of EU-wide rules for the use of civil drones, such as keeping your drone in sight at all times, not flying more than 150 metres from the ground and keeping away from airports and helipads.
The European Commission has committed EUR €44 million to integrate drones safely into the airspace and to the SESAR R&D programme under its U-space initiative.
This interview is published courtesy of Horizon, the EU research and innovation magazine
