First Oral Anthrax Vaccine for Livestock, Wildlife

In fact, in the past, many livestock owners trying to save time and effort would pour the vaccine over food, but previous testing by Benn Felix proved the ineffectiveness of this method.

The main issue with an oral vaccine is the ability to keep the bacteria alive in the gastrointestinal tract long enough and in the right amount to produce the desired immune activity in the animal. To that end, other efforts have been made with different strains of the bacteria and other mediums, but have thus far not proven effective.

Benn Felix’s approach is both simpler and more complex — simpler, because her approach uses the same strain that has been proven effective for decades, but more complex because of the use of a gel-like suspension.

“Our idea is that with this oral anthrax vaccine, we can get it into a bait of some sort and then easily vaccinate these animals,” Benn Felix said. “The formulation that we’re using is the same live strain of bacteria from the current commercial vaccine put into a gel-like substance.”

Benn Felix compared the release of the vaccine in the gel-like substance, technically known as alginate encapsulation, to a common gumball machine.

“It’s the same general idea as those big glass gumball machines you would see in the mall or a store, in which you put a quarter and get a single gumball out,” she said. “The gel holds a bunch of the live attenuated bacteria and it gradually releases some of that bacteria over time.”

Though they’re currently still working at a small scale, Benn Felix and her team are keeping an eye to the distant future and considering how this vaccine might be implemented at a larger scale.

One example they’re looking at is what Dr. Tonie Rocke did at the National Wildlife Health Center in Madison, Wisconsin, with a plague vaccine for prairie dogs.

“They put their vaccine into a bait that was flavored with peanut butter flavoring,” Benn Felix said. “That is the same general idea that we’re going for with this; we would just distribute the baits and then see how many were consumed, or we would have trail cameras that would see if there was any non-target species that ate any of it.

“There are a lot of things that would go into formulating the bait — making sure the vaccine is still stable and viable when it’s in the bait and then seeing how it would affect or be consumed by wildlife or any other wildlife we don’t want to have it,” she said.

Currently, one of Benn Felix’s biggest obstacles is a lack of data on exactly how much damage is caused by anthrax in wildlife in Texas. Her team is actively reaching out to ranchers, hunters and other groups across the state in an effort to increase the reporting on anthrax cases.

“If anthrax outbreaks aren’t reported, it appears as if it’s not an issue and the federal government and other organizations don’t prioritize funding,” Benn Felix said. “I didn’t realize this was even an issue until I moved to Texas. Reporting outbreaks will help generate critical data about this issue and demonstrate as a fact what we down here already know, which is that it’s a huge issue.”