Rotating space elevator propels its own load

came by itself,” Golubović told PhysOrg.com. “I was thinking how to make things move easily and quickly up the traditional Tsiolkovsky-type space elevators. In my kitchen, I was mixing coffee in my cup too vigorously and the centrifugal force on the rotating coffee won over gravity to make some of the coffee lift and splash out the cup. This was my ‘eureka’ that lead to adding a similar conceptual feature to the old space elevator idea, the internal rotation. Indeed, much like the coffee would lift and splash out the cup if rotated fast enough, the climbers on our Rotating Space Elevator will be lifted up by the centrifugal force winning over gravity.”

As is the case with the LSE, the RSE is attached to the Earth to provide loading access. To initiate the double rotational motion, the string system is given an initial spin. Except for this initial spin, the RSE moves solely under the influence of inertia and gravity. In simulations, Golubović and Knudsen show how a load starting at rest near the Earth spontaneously oscillates between its starting point near Earth and a turning point in outer space (close to the top of the string). Using a specially chosen variation of the tapered elevator cable cross-sectional area, the scientists could ensure that the RSE string will indefinitely maintain its initial looped shape. Golubović said that, as far as he knew, this type of motion does not occur in any other areas of physics or astronomy.

“There are no known astronomical size solid (or floppy) objects that are shaped as strings,” Golubović said. “It thus remains for humans to make them. As stated by a referee of our paper ‘No one is an expert on the ideas displayed in this paper.’ At this moment, the only judge is pure mathematics and it shows that our RSE can work, in a fascinating fashion.”

Golubović and Knudsen also proposed a slightly different form of the RSE, which combines an RSE with an LSE (an ellipse-like rotating string is attached to a linear string). This “uniform stress RSE” (USRSE) could be designed with its loop positioned above the Earth’s surface, which may have advantages for launching satellites. The scientists also show that stacking several USRSE loops could create pathways reaching deeply into outer space, and loads could cross from string to string at intersection points.

Through simulations, the scientists investigated the effects of changing the initial period of the RSE. They found that this alteration causes a phase transition, creating tension that causes the elliptical RSE shape to narrow into two linear-type space elevators that fluctuate nearly independently. Over a period of two weeks, the RSE’s angular momentum decays to zero, causing the RSE top to drift away from its initial position to a higher position around which the RSE top continues to oscillate in a chaotic fashion.

Golubović says he is hopeful that current technology is not too far from actually building space elevators or rotating space elevators. “Our USRSE is technologically not more demanding than the traditional space elevator that can be indeed made to stand high tensile pressure by using the existing carbon nanotube composite materials,” he said. “I hope my children or grandchildren will see both the traditional and rotating space elevator one day, if not on the Earth than on other planets such as Mars, which is free of man-made space debris that can hurt space elevators.”

He added: “Moreover, some new and related ideas may come up soon to aid space elevator technology. It’s not all about materials being used but rather about structures being employed and new ideas being propagated. The very concept of ‘simple rotation’ is not so simple as commonly thought. Our RSE is a good example of this within the non-relativistic theory of inertia and gravity. Other fascinating examples involve rotating black holes in general relativity that are (theoretically) known to act as time machines. Fortunately, unlike the black holes, the non-relativistic physics of our rotating space elevator is within modern-day technology limits.”

Read more in:

• L. Golubović and S. Knudsen. “Classical and Statistical Mechanics of Celestial-scale Spinning Strings: Rotating Space Elevators,” Europhysics Letters, 86 (May 2009): 34001 p1-p6 (doi: 10.1209/0295-5075/86/34001)
• Lubos Perek, “Space Elevator: Stability,” Acta Astronautica 62, nos. 8-9 (April-May 2008): 514-20 (sub. req.)
• Bradley Edwards, “The Space Elevator: NIAC Phase II Final Report” (March 2003; the study was prepared for NASA)