Zimbabwe's crisis lower rate of HIV infection

study. “Lack of transport, lack of money, lack of food, all decrease the amount of sex that you can have and the number of partners,” Katzenstein said.

Katzenstein noted there is no evidence of a decline in infection rates in other places which had incidences as high as Zimbabwe — Swaziland, Botswana, and South Africa’s KwaZulu-Natal province. AIDS infections in many African countries are tending toward a plateau.

Mike Chirenje disagrees. He is an AIDS researcher in charge of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Zimbabwe. He said: “You’re also talking about a period of time when a lot of people were not accessing ARV (anti-retroviral) therapy. So you cannot rule out cases of people dying for lack of access to ARVs” and therefore not being around to be studied.

Another consideration: Women infected with the virus are less likely to fall pregnant.

Many ask how anyone can really know what is going on in Zimbabwe, where President Mugabe’s years-long fight to remain in political power triggered economic and social crises that caused as much as a third of the population to flee, collapsed government health and education, and left more than 80 percent jobless. Inflation officially hit 231 million percent (231,000,000 percent) in July 2008, but independent economists estimate that inflation has now surged to an astounding eight quintillion percent — this is an eight followed by 18 zeros (8,000,000,000,000,000,000). The collapse of piped water services brought on a cholera epidemic that killed 2,000 people.

Howard Hospital, run by the Canadian branch of the Salvation Army, remained open throughout the crises, however. The decline registered by Silverman at Howard is “in keeping with national data that shows from research 10 years ago a decrease from 30 percent (prevalence) to 15 percent today,” said Chirenje, whose work is funded in part by the U.S. National Institutes for Health and who has done clinical trials, especially in HIV prevention through microbicides and risk reduction through condom use.

Simon Gregson, a professor at Imperial College London and a demographer and epidemiologist who has worked half time in Zimbabwe since 1998, said he also sees a sharp decline in Zimbabwe. He was not involved with Silverman’s study.

Through studies following the same 10,000 to 12,000 people every couple of years, Gregson said: “We have found that it is not just that more people are dying than are becoming newly infected; it’s not just because the death rate is very high; but the rate of new infections have been coming down and that is because people have been changing their behavior and adopting safe practices.”

The studies show people, particularly men, are having fewer partners, and condom use is quite high, Gregson said in an interview from his office in Zimbabwe. “What’s not so clear is what caused them to change their behavior and why there is more of a change in Zimbabwe than in other neighboring countries.”

Chirenje also said that behavior change appeared to be mainly among men. Studies from his research unit at primary health care centers have women reporting no changes in the frequency of their sexual activity of three or four times a week, he said. Chirenje estimated that between 30 and 40 percent of Zimbabweans eligible for ARV therapy are receiving it. Katzenstein said only about 100,000 are receiving therapy - one-tenth of those believed infected and much fewer than the 250,000 who should be getting treatment. He said an estimated 50,000 Zimbabweans are dying of AIDS each year.