Is the EU Doing Enough to Prepare for Wildfires?

“Science and experience tell us that to prevent these disaster fires, it’s no use investing in fire suppression because they can’t be suppressed. The only thing you can do is avoid them happening or ensure that they don’t burn with intensities beyond the threshold of control,” said Held.

To do this, the EU needs to push more land-based fire prevention and nature-based solutions, he said. “The more climate change we observe, the more we should actually invest in making the landscape less burnable.”

Forest Management Needs to Be Ramped Up
There are many methods available to establish more sustainable land management and increase the resilience of forests, explained Julia Bognar, head of the land use and climate program at the sustainability think tank Institute for European Environmental Policy.  

This includes thinning and spacing trees properly, and reducing floor vegetation through prescribed burning or introducing more grazing animals like cattle and goats that eat the dry shrubs, which act as fuel and help a fire to spread.

Shifting away from monocultures, such as the eucalyptus plantations that ignited during Portugal’s severe 2017 fires, would also make forests more resilient.

“With more diversity of trees and older growth trees, they have a better capacity for storing water and preventing drought,” said Bognar.

Approaches need to be tailored to the climates of individual countries, said Held, explaining in hotter places like southern Spain it would involve prescribed burning while the weather is mild and establishing a mosaic of different land use, including grazed land that keeps the biomass — which turns into fuel when it is dry and hot — at a low level.

“Here [in Central Europe] resilience means promoting broad-leaved forest, mixed forest, shady and wet forests,” said Held, adding that technical measures like fire breaks or fuel buffer zones with reduced fuel out along routes in the forest would also help. He added encouraging more people back into rural areas to manage the land — to engage in practices such as organic farming or continuous cover forestry — is also key.

More Coordination and Long-Term Solutions Needed  
There is an increasing amount of fire prevention best practice being shared in Europe, said Bognar. This includes guidelines for sustainable forest management published by the European Commission in 2023. “But there’s not necessarily a concerted effort at the EU level to be pressing for these types of changes… so it’s really inconsistent across the EU,” she said.

Bognar said rethinking the EU approach to rising wildfire threats needs to include more long-term solutions, such as pushing through the proposed Forest Monitoring Framework — which would give a clearer picture of Europe’s forests — and implementing the Nature Restoration Law which, despite being watered down and facing resistance from some member states, aims to support fire resilience by increasing forest biodiversity.

While wildfire experts have long lamented how much more financial support there is for firefighting, there are some funds that can be used for prevention, said Held. But he explained there is too little understanding and coordination in how to access this support, and a lack of solid wildfire prevention strategy at the national level.  

One notable exception to this, he said, is Portugal.  

Since its devastating 2017 fires, the country has shifted its approach to emphasize forest management, including promoting the plantation of native fire-adapted species as well as fuel breaks — artificial areas with less vegetation that act as barriers to stop or slow down fires — and buffer zones around new and existing buildings in risk areas. France has also made changes, introducing legislation last year cracking down on landowners that fail to clear their forests of undergrowth. 

But Jesus San-Miguel, senior researcher at the European Commission Joint Research Centre, said a key barrier on the continent is that the European Commission can only give advice and support. Ultimately, it’s member states that are responsible for forest management and fire prevention. 

“Prevention is a slow process, it is less visible than firefighting,” said San-Miguel. “So, when you have many planes fighting, they seem to be really doing a lot but prevention should be prioritized. Because it is so much cheaper.”   

Sources 
https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/jrc-news-and-updates/wildfire…
EU Joint Research Centre information on 2023 wildfires 

https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_2943
European Commission information on rescEU

https://www.oecd.org/climate-change/wildfires/policy-highlights-taming-w…
Taming Wildfires in the Context of Climate Change, OECD report

Holly Young is a freelance journalist based in Berlin.This article was edited by Tamsin Walker, and it is published courtesy of Deutsche Welle (DW).